Graded Entity-Familiarity Readouts in Language Models: Polish Adaptation, Cross-Language Robustness, and Refusal Steering

Can a language model estimate its familiarity with an entity before generating an answer? We study activations at the final prompt token in twelve instruction-tuned models from the Bielik, PLLuM, Gemma-4, and Qwen3 families, using a new dataset of 1,440 Polish entities spanning four domains and ten ...