Developing Provider-Co-Created Prototypes Addressing Equity-Related Barriers in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma"

Background: Black patients and individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) face significant disparities in accessing curative therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including liver transplantation. This study aimed to develop provider-co-created intervention prototypes in response to patient-identified barriers and recommendations. Methods: A human-centered design session with hepatology and transplant providers at a large academic medical center was conducted. Prior to the session, participants were presented with barriers and preliminary solutions identified through an earlier human-centered design session with Black and low-SES patients. Using structured ideation methods, including brainwriting, challenge mapping, and concept voting, providers co-created intervention prototypes. Final concepts were synthesized from patient insights, provider input, and design methods using affinity diagramming and concept modeling. Results: Nine providers participated in the session. They